The First Foot Guards
We are a Revolutionary War
reenactment group based in Boston MA,
accurately portraying the royal household regiment that is now known as
The Grenadier Guards
Thacher's
Military Journal
for the year 1775
Military
Journal of the American Revolution
James Thacher, MD, Surgeon in the
Continental Army. Thacher wrote of his experiences of daily life with the Continental
Army from 1775 - 1783, recording details of battles in which he participated
and others for which he garnered first hand accounts including Long Island,
Ticonderoga, Trenton, Brandywine, Germantown, Monmouth and Cowpens. Thacher
treated wounded from the Battles of Saratoga, viewed the suffering at Morristown
and recorded the human experience at Valley Forge. He includes in his journal
brief biographies of several prominent military figures and ten appendices which
included individual accounts and observations during the Battles of Saratoga.
The Pilgrim Hall Museum in Plymouth MA has a portrait of Thacher, and some of
his artifacts.
Link to Thacher's
Journal for 1776
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More on army
Surgeons in the Guards
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January
1775
"January.
AT the precise period when my medical studies and education are completed, under
the patronage of Dr. Abner Hersey of Barnstable, and I am contemplating the
commencement of a new career in life, I find our country about to be involved
in all the horrors of a civil war. A series of arbitrary and oppressive measures,
on the part of the mother-country, has long been advancing to that awful crisis,
when an appeal to the power of the sword becomes inevitable. The event of this
mighty struggle is to decide an affair of infinite magnitude, not merely as
it respects the present generation, but as it will affect the welfare and happiness
of unborn millions. The great fundamental principle, in the present controversy,
is the right which is claimed by the Parliament of Great Britain, to exercise
dominion, as the only supreme and uncontrollable legislative power over all
the American Colonies. "Can they make laws to bind the colonies in all
cases whatever; levy taxes on them without their consent; dispose of the revenues,
thus raised, without their control; multiply officers at pleasure, and assign
them fees, to be paid without, nay, contrary to and in direct violation of acts
of our provincial assemblies, and approved by the crown? Can they enlarge the
power of admiralty courts; divert the usual channels of justice; deprive the
colonists of trial by a jury of their countrymen; in short break down the barriers
which their forefathers have erected against arbitrary power, and enforce their
edicts by fleets and armies?" Then indeed are we reduced to a state of
abject slavery; and all resistance to acts of Parliament may justly be called
by the name of treason and rebellion. "The people of these colonies consider
themselves as British subjects, entitled to all the rights and privileges of
Freemen. It is inseparably essential to the freedom of a people, and the undoubted
right of Englishmen, that no taxes be imposed on them but with their own consent,
given personally or by their representatives. From their local circumstances,
the colonies cannot be represented in the house of commons of Great Britain;
the only representatives of the people of the colonies are the persons chosen
therein by themselves; and no taxes ever can be constitutionally imposed on
them, but by their respective legislatures." All acts of Parliament therefore,
for raising a revenue in America, are considered as depriving us of our property,
without our consent, and consequently as a palpable infringement of our ancient
rights and privileges. They are unconstitutional and arbitrary laws, subversive
of the liberties and privileges secured to us, by our royal charters. It is
not consistent with the
principles which actuate the American, people, ever tamely to submit to such
a degrading system of government; not, however, from a want of loyalty to our
king, nor from an undue impatience of subordination or legal restraint; for
in a quiet submission and demeanor to constitutional authority, and in zeal
and attachment to our king, we dare to vie with any of our fellow-subjects of
Great Britain; but it is an innate love of liberty, and our just rights, that
impels us to the arduous struggle. In no country, it is asserted, is the love
of liberty more deeply rooted, or the knowledge of the rights inherent to freemen
more generally diffused, or better understood, than among the British American
Colonies. Our religious and political privileges are derived from our virtuous
fathers; they were inhaled with our earliest breath; and are, and will I trust
ever be, implanted and cherished in the bosom of the present and future generations.
These are the prevalent sentiments in New England at this eventful crisis, and
all the other provinces, Georgia excepted, are known; to be in unison with us
in the resolution, to oppose with all our power every violation of our just
rights and privileges. We are not, however, authorized, even in the most glorious
of causes, to expect a perfect unanimity among a people. Numerous are the springs
of men's actions; and diversity of sentiment and views are characteristic of
human nature. Accordingly we find a small minority in our country who are inimical
to the common cause, an who are continually opposing every proceeding of the
majority. These people are doubtless actuated by various motives; a few, comparatively,
influenced by principle; some by a spirit of timidity, or the absurd doctrine
of passive obedience and non-resistance; others, from the strength of their
passions, and weakness of judgment, are biassed and led astray by designing
demagogues. There are, however, those who are vile enough to prostrate all honor
and principle with the sordid view of office and preferment:
"For 'tis their
duty, all the learned think,
T' espouse that cause by which they eat and drink"
Those disaffected individuals, who still adhere to the royal cause, have received the epithet of Tories; the very name is extremely abhorrent to the people in general, and they are subjected to such rigorous discipline as to prevent them from doing injury to the great cause of our country. The great majority of the people are happily united. in the resolution to oppose, to the uttermost, the wicked attempts of the English cabinet. This class of people have assumed the appellation of Whigs; but by our enemies are stigmatized by the name of Rebels. If, as we affirm, the British government have ceased to rule agreeably to the principles of our constitution, and our royal charter, and have assumed to themselves the high prerogative of despotic sway, then are we absolved from our allegiance and duties as British subjects. A contract abrogated by one party, can no longer be binding on the other. If we are menaced with royal power and authority, we justify ourselves in defending our indefeasible rights against despotism and tyrannical oppression. Cowards alone will bend to unjust power, and slaves and sycophants only will yield both soul and body to the disposal of tyrannical masters. Should our efforts, under God, be crowned with the desired success, we shall obtain the honor of rescuing ourselves and posterity from vassalage; but if compelled to succumb under royal power, then will ours be the rebel's fate, the scaffold and the gibbet will be glutted with their devoted victims. We cannot justly be accused of a rash precipitance of proceeding; for petitions and memorials, couched in the most loyal and humble language, have been at various periods presented to our royal sovereign, and his parliament, praying for a redress of grievances; but they are deaf to all our complaints and supplications, and the coercive arm of Power is suspended over us, threatening implacable vengeance.
Among the odious acts of the British
Parliament they passed one which imposed a duty on the article of tea, and several
cargoes of this commodity were shipped to America to obtain the duty and a market.
On the arrival of the tea ships at Boston great indignation was excited among
the people; town meetings were called to devise some legal measures to prohibit
the landing of the odious article. It was universally understood that if the
tea was once landed and stored, it would by some means come to a market, and
the duty to the government be secured. In
order to defeat this object a number of persons in disguise entered the ships
at the wharves, broke open three hundred and forty-two chests of tea, and discharged
their contents into the water at the dock. This was on the 16th December, 1773.
When intelligence of this summary proceeding reached England, it was condemned
by the government as enormously criminal. They menaced our province with the
most exemplary vengeance, and Parliament soon passed the Boston Vindictive Port
Bill as a part of their coercive system, so that merely the name of tea is now
associated with ministerial grievances, and tea drinking is almost tantamount
to an open avowal of toryism. Those who are anxious to avoid the odious epithet
of enemies to their country, strictly prohibit the use of tea in their families,
and the most squeamish ladies are compelled to have recourse to substitutes,
or secretly steal indulgence in their favorite East India beverage."
March 1775
"March.
For the purpose of enforcing submission to the cruel mandates of the royal government,
a reinforcement of the British army has arrived at Boston and General Gage is
appointed Governor and Commander in Chief. An armed fleet also occupies the
harbor; and the whole port is closed against all but British vessels. In short,
the horrors of civil war seem stalking, with rapid strides, towards our devoted
country. The people have resorted to the expediency of abolishing all the courts
of justice under the new regulations; In our shire towns the populace have collected
in sufficient numbers to bar the doors of the court houses, and prohibit the
entrance of judges and officers; the jurors are so intimidated, or zealous in
the good cause, that in general they refuse to take the oath, or to act in any
manner under the new modification of government; and the clerks of courts, who
have issued warrants by which the jurors are summoned, have in many instances
been compelled to acknowledge their contrition, and to publish in the the newspapers,
a full recantation. At the regular term of the Court of Common Pleas at Barnstable
in September last, I witnessed the following prompt procedure. A body of about
twelve hundred men assembled and obstructed the passage to the court-house door.
The leader of this assemblage was Dr. Nathaniel Freeman, a bold son of liberty
of Sandwich. Colonel James Otis, the chief justice of the court, preceded by
the sheriff, approached; and the venerable chief justice demanded admission.
Dr. Freeman replied that it was the intention of the people to prevent the court's
being opened to exercise those unconstitutional powers with which they are invested
by Parliament. The chief justice, in his majesty's name, commanded them to disperse,
and permit the court to enter and proceed to business. But his majesty's name
had lost its power; it can have no charms with the sons of liberty. The venerable
judge then said he had acquitted himself of his duty, and retired. This proceeding
had been discussed and concerted prior to the court term; and Colonel Otis himself,
a stanch whig, was, it is believed, not only apprized of, but actually acquiesced
in, this bold measure. This excellent man is now advanced to about seventy-four
years in life; he is considered as possessing sound sense and good judgment;
and as being of the purest integrity. He has been,, for many years, the leading
law character in the Old Colony, and a member of his majesty's council of the
province; but his patriotism and zeal in the cause of our country have rendered
him and his family exceedingly odious to Governor Hutchinson and other adherents
of the crown. Colonel Otis is the parent of that great champion, and able advocate
for liberty and the rights of man, James Otis, jun. Esq. This gentleman is now
in a melancholy state of mental derangement; and all New England is deploring
the irreparable loss of the talents, eloquence, and patriotic services of this
justly celebrated character. Colonel Otis has two other sons, Joseph and Samuel
Allen Otis, who are active whigs; and a daughter, married to James Warren, Esq.
of Plymouth, who is now President of our provincial Congress. Though no judicial
courts are in existence, few crimes are committed; all is peace, order and regularity.
The people are their own rulers, and never was there less need of penal laws.
Trivial disputes are mutually adjusted or decided by reference; pecuniary demands
are suspended, and the simple recommendations of Congress, and of our committees
of safety, receive that cheerful acquiescence which is scornfully denied to
the coercive edicts emanating from despotic power, For
"Freedom has a
thousand charms, to show
That slaves, howe'er contented, never know."
We have a provincial Congress in session at Concord, consisting of delegates elected by the people, and also a grand Continental Congress at Philadelphia, composed of characters highly distinguished for political wisdom, rigid patriotism and public virtue.
The public indignation is now greatly excited by the following shameful transaction. The people from the country, whose business called them into Boston, were suspected by the officers of purchasing guns from their soldiers. In order to furnish an opportunity to inflict punishment and to raise occasion for a serious quarrel, Lieutenant Colonel Nesbit of the forty-seventh regiment ordered a soldier to offer a countryman. an old rusty musket. A man from Billerica was caught by this bait, and purchased the gun for three dollars. The unfortunate man was immediately seized by Nesbit, and confined in the guard-house all night. Early next morning they stripped him entirely naked, covered him over with warm tar, and then with feathers, placed him on a cart; and conducted him through the streets as far as liberty-tree, where the. people began to collect in vast numbers; and the military, fearing, for their own safety dismissed the man and retreated to their barracks. The party consisted of about thirty grenadiers with fixed bayonets, twenty drums and fifes playing the Rogues' March, headed by the redoubtable Nesbit with a drawn sword! What an honorable deed for a British field officer and grenadiers! The selectmen of Billerica remonstrated with General Gage respecting this outrage, but obtained no satisfaction."
April 1775
"April 21st.
Intelligence is now received that the British regulars have marched out of Boston,
and actually commenced hostilities against our people at Lexington. For the
purpose of ascertaining the particular facts, I have been desired to wait on
Colonel Otis, at his mansion in this town. It was in the evening, when I found,
this dignified patriot in his easy-chair, with several of his neighbors listening
with agitated spirits to some account of this first most awful tragedy. The
good old gentleman had received a letter containing a statement of some particulars
and with manifest trepidationhe said to this effect: " The British troops
marched to Lexington and Concord last Wednesday, the 19th instant, for the purpose
of destroying some of our military stores; our militia collected and met them
at Lexington; the regulars soon commenced firing on them; our people returned
the fire; a smart skirmish ensued, and several men were killed on both sides.
The British were compelled to retreat, in some confusion, to Boston; and our
people pursued and harassed them. The fearful day has arrived! a civil war has
actually commenced. in our land. We must be prepared for the worst, and may
God preserve and protect our country." This tragical event seems to have
electrified all classes of people; the brave are fired with manly resentment,
the timid overwhelmed in despair; the patriotic whigs sorrowing over public
calamities, while the tories indulge the secret hope, that the friends of liberty
are about to receive their chastisement. The sword is now unsheathed, and our
friends are slaughtered by our cruel enemies; expresses are hastening from town
to town, in all directions through the country, spreading the melancholy tidings
and inspiriting and rousing the people To Arms! Arms! The people of New England
have taken the alarm, and their hearts are animated even to enthusiasm. There
is an enthusiasm in religion, in politics, in military achievements, and in
gallantry and love, and why not an enthusiasm in the love of country? No species
of enthusiasm surely can be more laudable, or more honorable. Never was a cause
more just, more sacred than ours; we are commanded to defend the rich inheritance
bequeathed to us by our virtuous ancestors; and it is our bounden duty to transmit
it uncontaminated to posterity; we must fight valiantly therefore, for our lives
and property, for our holy religion, for our honor, and for our dearest friends.
We are not born to be slaves, and are resolved to live and die free; appealing
to the Sovereign Ruler of the Universe for the justice of our cause, and relying
on his Almighty arm for protection and support. A certain number of active men,
in every town, have formed themselves into military companies, under the name
of minute-men; they are daily practising the manual exercise, and are held in
constant readiness to march against the enemy at a moment's warning. We await
with trembling expectation the issue of every hour.
Authenticated accounts are now received of the battle at Lexington. On Tuesday evening, 18th instant, General Gage despatched, with as much secrecy as possible, a detachment consisting of eight or nine hundred regulars, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Smith, for the purpose of destroying some military stores which our people had deposited at Concord, about eighteen miles from Boston. Having arrived at Lexington, six miles short of Concord, they were met by a company of militia, of about one hundred men, who, having taken the alarm, began to assemble from different towns before daylight. They were assembled near the church, about sunrise; when the British advanced in quick march to within a few rods, Major Pitcairn called out, "Disperse, you Rebels! throw down your arms and disperse." Their small number would not admit of opposition, and while they were dispersing, the regulars huzzaed, and immediately one or two pistols were fired by the officers, and four or five muskets by the soldiers; then a pretty general discharge from the whole party followed, by which eight of our people were killed and seven wounded. The British now renewed their march to Concord, where they destroyed a few articles of stores and sixty barrels of flour. Here they were met by about one hundred and fifty militia-men, on whom they fired, and killed two and wounded others. Our militia and minute-men were now collecting in considerable numbers, and being justly enraged they made a bold and furious attack on the enemy, and drove them in quick march to Lexington. General Gage having received intelligence of the critical situation of his troops, immediately ordered out Lord Percy, with a large reinforcement, with two field pieces. He marched over the neck through Roxbury, his music playing by way of contempt and derision the tune of " Yankee doodle." This timely reinforcement joined the party under command of Colonel Smith at Lexington, which formed a force of about eighteen hundred men. They soon deemed it prudent to commence their march to Boston, the provincial militia and minute-men, continually increasing in numbers, pursued and flanked them with the hope of cutting off their retreat. A constant skirmishing ensued; the provincials concealed themselves behind stone walls, and with a sure aim thinned their enemies' ranks, and occasioned among them great confusion. On their side, they could only keep up a scattering fire, without effect, frequently firing over the stone walls, when there was not a man to be seen behind them. The great object of the British was to effect a safe retreat to Boston; but, to avenge themselves, they burnt and plundered houses, destroyed property, and actually murdered several innocent unarmed persons. The situation of the king's forces was, during the day, extremely hazardous; and it is considered wonderful that any of them escaped. Worn down and almost exhausted with fatigue, and their ammunition nearly expended, they had become nearly defenceless when they reached Charlestown, in the evening after a loss of two hundred and seventy-three men, killed, wounded and prisoners. The loss on the side of the Provincials is eighty-eight in the whole. The British officers have received a specimen of Yankee courage, which they have hitherto affected to hold in the most sovereign contempt; they have ascertained, by fatal experience, that the people of New England will bid defiance to their veteran regulars, and fight courageously in defence of their rights. It is truly said to be matter of astonishment and chagrin, that after all their glorying, their veteran troops have been compelled to flee before a comparatively small number of undisciplined Yankees. The origin of this term, so frequently employed by way of reproach to the New England people, is said to be as follows: A farmer, by name Jonathan Hastings, of Cambridge, about the year 1713, used it as a cant, favorite word, to express excellency when applied to any thing; as a Yankee good horse, Yankee cider, &c., meaning an excellent horse and excellent cider. The students at college, having frequent intercourse with Mr. Hastings, and hearing him employ the term on all occasions, adopted it themselves, and gave him the name of Yankee Jonathan; this soon became a cant word among the collegians to express a weak, simple, awkward person, and from college it was carried and circulated through the country, till, from its currency in New England, it was at length taken up and unjustly applied to the New Englanders in common, as a term of reproach. It was in consequence "of this that a particular song, called " Yankee doodle," was composed in derision of those scornfully called Yankees (There appears some incongruity in the above definition of the word Yankee. The following is supposed by some to be the origin from which it is derived: " Yankee is the Indian corruption of English. Yenglees, Yangles, Yankles, and finally Yankee.")"
May 1775
"May.
Since the catastrophe at Lexington, our Provincial Congress have addressed the
several towns of the colony in a circular letter, in the following impressive
language: "We conjure you by all that is dear, by all that is sacred, that
you give all assistance possible in forming the army. Our all is at stake. Death
and devastation are the certain consequences of delay. Every moment is infinitely
precious. An hour lost may deluge your country in blood, and entail perpetual
slavery on the few of your posterity who may survive the carnage. We beg and
entreat, as you will answer it to your country, to your consciences, and, above
all, as you will answer it to God himself that you will hasten and encourage,
by all possible means, the enlistment of men to form the army, and send them
forward to head-quarters at Cambridge, with that expedition which the vast importance
and instant urgency of the affair demands."
It is scarcely possible to describe the zeal and military ardor which pervades New England since the battle at Lexington. It is supposed that nearly forty thousand men have been in arms with the design of investing the town of Boston, and avenging themselves on the enemy for their late slaughter of our brethren. The universal voice is "starve them out." Drive them from the town, and let his majesty's ships be their only place of refuge. Our Provincial Congress have resolved that an army of thirty thousand men be immediately raised and established. A considerable number have already enlisted, and being formed into regiments, have taken their station at Cambridge and Roxbury. The country militia, in great numbers, have arrived from various parts of New England; and the town of Boston is now invested on all sides, and thus is the whole royal army reduced to the humble condition of a besieged garrison. The situation of the inhabitants is deplorable; a considerable proportion of the most affluent have removed into the country; but others, from various circumstances, are compelled to remain and suffer all the calamities of a besieged town and precarious subsistence. Instances indeed are not wanting of members of families being torn from each other, women and children flying from their husbands and parents, under the most afflictive and destitute circumstances.
We are now experiencing a singular
kind of interregnum in our province; more than a year has elapsed with out any
legal government, or any regular administration of law and justice.-No crimes,
however, of an atrocious nature have, we believe, been perpetrated; all classes
of people appear to be submissive, under the influence of the principles of
moral rectitude and common justice; and the resolutions and recommendations
of Congress have all the weight and efficacy of laws. Our domestic tranquillity
is in some measure interrupted by a restless spirit among the tories; but the
great body of the community are actuated by the glorious cause of our country's
freedom. The maxim adopted by our enemies is, "Divide and conquer."
We enjoin the command, "Unite and be invincible." It is considered
infinitely important to encourage and promote a more perfect union among the
colonies, and harmony and unanimity among the people. "Liberty or death,"
" Unite or die," are the mottoes which blazon the chronicles of the
day, and embellish the military standards of almost every militia company. The
man who does not acquiesce in the theme of liberty is marked by the vigilant
eye of suspicion, or stigmatized as an enemy to his country. Liberty-poles are
erected in almost every town and village; and when a disaffected tory renders
himself odious, by any active conduct, with the view of counteracting the public
measures, he is seized by a company of armed men, and conducted to the liberty-pole,
under which he is compelled to sign a recantation, and give bonds for his future
good conduct. In some instances, of particular stubbornness and obstinacy, individuals
have been imprisoned or their names have been published in the newspapers as
enemies to their country. It has indeed unfortunately happened, that a few individuals,
in consequence of their own indiscretion, have been the subjects of a more rigorous
procedure. Having fallen into the hands of those whose zeal has transported
them beyond the bounds of moderation, they have received from the rabble a coat
of tar and feathers, and in this predicament have been exposed to the scoffs
and ridicule of the populace. Such examples have the effect of striking terror
into the hearts of all the disaffected, and of restraining the whole party from
acting against the general sense of the people. The tories make bitter complaints
against the discipline which they receive from the hands of the whigs; their
language is, "You make the air resound with the cry of liberty, but subject
those who differ from you to the humble condition of slaves, not Permitting
us to act, or even think, according to the dictates of conscience." The
reply is, "It is one of the first principles of a free government, that
the majority shall bear rule; our majority is immensely large; we have undertaken
the hazardous task of defending the liberties of our country against the mighty
power of Great Britian; and hold ourselves responsible for our conduct. If you
possess not patriotism and courage enough to unite your efforts with ours, it
is our duty to put it out of your power to injure the common cause. If we are
successful, your party and posterity will participate in the important advantages
to be derived from our efforts. If our party should be crushed, then will yours
in turn become triumphant." A small number of our tories have abandoned
their homes, their families and property, and resorted to the standard of their
royal master in Boston; consoling themselves in the confident expectation of
an ample reward, and a triumphant restoration. The clergymen of New England
are, almost without exception, advocates of whig principles; there are a few
instances only of the separation of a minister from his people, in consequence
of a disagreement in political sentiment. The tories censure, in a very illiberal
manner, the preacher who speaks boldly for the liberties of the people, while
they lavish their praises on him who dams to teach the absurd doctrine that
magistrates have a divine right to do wrong, and are to be implicitly obeyed.
It is recommended by our Provincial Congress, that on other occasions than the
Sabbath, ministers of parishes adapt their discourses to the times, and explain
the nature of civil and religious liberty, and the duties of magistrates and
rulers. Accordingly, we have from our pulpits the most fervent and pious effusions
to the throne of Divine Grace in behalf of our bleeding, afflicted country.
A zealous divine, who has been compelled to abandon the people of his charge
in Boston, on one occasion used, in the pulpit at P***, the following emphatical
language: "Oh Lord, if our enemies will fight us, let them have fighting
enough. If more soldiers are on their way hither, sink them, 0 Lord, to the
bottom of the sea." Every heart seemed ready to respond, "Amen, yea,
let them have fighting enough." "
June 1775
"June
14th.
General Gage has issued a proclamation declaring the province of Massachusetts
Bay to be in a state of rebellion, offering a pardon to all who will resort
to his standard, and denouncing the penalty of martial law on all those who
refuse to submit to his authority, or who shall be found aiding or corresponding
with such as he has designated as unpardonable rebels and traitors. He has been
pleased to proscribe by name, Mr. John Hancock and Mr. Samuel Adams, as objects
of his exemplary vengeance. Yet, singular as it may appear, this same authorized
governor, and general-in-chief of the royal army, is now cooped up in the town
of Boston, panting for a country airing, of which he is debarred by his denounced
rebels.
We are again shocked by intelligence that a terrible battle has been fought between the British regulars and the American soldiers, on Bunker, or rather Breed's hill, in Charlestown, near Boston, on the 17th instant. The report states that the whole town of Charlestown is burnt to ashes by the enemy, and that Dr. Joseph Warren, lately appointed major-general in our army, is killed; and that several hundreds of our soldiers are killed and wounded. The battle, it is said was extremely severe and destructive; but the provincial troops displayed the greatest courage and bravery, in the face of the regulars, and have obtained immortal honor. The British were several times defeated before they took possession of our works, and have suffered a loss of more than a thousand of their best troops; among whom are a large proportion of their most valuable officers. They are now taught that Americans can bid defiance to royal regulars, when called to defend their freedom. The situation of our country is truly deplorable, a civil war at our doors; our neighbors, our fathers and brothers, called from their families to encounter an inexorable enemy, consisting indeed of brethren and kindred; our domestic peace and welfare cruelly interrupted, and the aspect of our public affairs gloomy in the extreme. All New England has become a theatre of military array; and every member of the community manifests the deepest concern for the great calamities with which the country is afflicted, by the tyrannical measures of a corrupt administration. In the favor of Heaven and the wisdom of our Congress we repose all our hope and confidence. Participating, I trust, in the glorious spirit of the, times, and contemplating improvement in my professional pursuits, motives of patriotism and private interest prompt me to hazard my fortune in this noble conflict with my brethren in the provincial army. From the critical and embarrassed situation of our country, numerous and almost insurmountable difficulties are opposed to my view; and I am too young to possess a maturity of judgment, but yet unable to resist the impulse of enthusiasm which characterizes the times. My friends afford me no encouragement, alleging that, as this is a civil war if I should fall into the hands of the British, the gallows will be my fate. The terrors of the gallows are not to be conquered, but I must indulge the hope that I may escape it. Hundreds of my superiors may take their turn before mine shall come. The tories assail me with the following powerful arguments: "Young, man, are you sensible you are about to violate your duty to the best of kings, and run headlong into destruction? Be assured that this rebellion will be of short duration. The royal army is all-powerful, and will, in a few months, march through the country and bring all to subjection; for they are experienced in war and expert in discipline. Their fleet is able to destroy every seaport town and beat down all our cities. There remains no rational alternative but a reconciliation and renewed obedience to our lawful government; or we shall soon experience their just vengeance. What is your army but an undisciplined rabble? Can they stand against an army of regulars? Where are your cannon, your fire-arms, your bayonets, and all your implements of war? Above all, where is your treasure, and where can you look for a barrel of gunpowder? The whole country can scarcely afford a sufficiency for a battle of an hour." Not a small portion of their reasoning I feel to be just and true. I am not certain, however, but much of it may prove erroneous. The result of the late battle at Charlestown should convince the most incredulous tory that our soldiers will face the regular troops, and we are blessed with the smiles of Heaven on our exertions. It would be presumption in me to determine as to possibilities and prospects; but the voice of liberty cannot be stifled, While the welfare and happiness of more than three millions of people now in America, and of unborn millions, are involved in the issue. Our rulers are the most competent judges, and under their banners I shall venture, I hope not rashly, to enlist, and trust my destiny in the hands of a kind and overruling Providence. My contemplated enterprise, it is true, requires the experience and resolution of riper years than twenty-one, and qualifications, which I do not possess, to ingratiate myself with strangers and those in authority. Having consulted Joseph Otis, Esq. of Barnstable, on this occasion, he immediately applauded my enterprise, and politely furnished me with a letter to his brother-in-law, James Warren, Esq. of Plymouth, who is President of our Provincial Congress at Watertown. Imagination could not fail to paint my prospects in bright colors, and I proceeded, July the 3d, with alacrity to the seat of Congress. I was not disappointed in my interview with, Mr. Warren; my letter procured for me a favorable and polite reception. He honored me with his friendship and kind assistance, and introduced me to his lady, whose father's family and my own have for many years been on terms of friendly intercourse. The office which I solicit is one in the medical department, in the provincial hospital at Cambridge. A medical board, consisting of Drs. Holton and Taylor, are appointed to examine the candidates; and they added my name to the list for examination, on the 10th instant. This state of suspense continuing several days, excites in my, mind much anxiety and solicitude, apprehending that my stock of medical knowledge, when scanned by a learned committee, may be deemed inadequate, and all my hopes be blasted. While on my journey, a visit of a few days to my friends at Plymouth gave me an opportunity to pay my respects to the rock which received the first footsteps of our venerated forefathers. The inhabitants of this ancient town, from a reverence for the memory of the virtuous band of brothers from whom we derive our origin, have lately, with commendable zeal and much labor, split off the upper portion of the rock, and removed it to a public square near the church and court-house. This rock, with its associations, would seem almost capable of imparting that love of country, and that moral virtue, which our times so much require. We seem holding converse with the celestial spirits, and receiving monition from those who are at rest in their graves. Have these ancient sages bequeathed their mantle to posterity? Can we set our feet on their rock without swearing, by the spirit of our fathers, to defend it and our country? If we reflect on their matchless enterprise, their fortitude, and their sufferings, we must be inspired with the spirit of patriotism, and the most invincible heroism. Unappalled by the dangers of unknown seas, and the perils and the hardships of a savage wilderness, they left their native country, and undertook a settlement which promises, through ages, to remain the rich abode of knowledge, religion, virtue and freedom. Let us, then, cherish a becoming sense of the exalted privileges inherited from our ancestors, and resolve to defend them against all attempts of a corrupt administration."
July 1775
Battle of Bunker Hill
"July
I improve the interim of my suspense to record an authentic narrative of the
battle on Breed's hill, on the 17th of June. Intelligence had been received
that it was the intention of General Gage to post a part of his troops, within
a few days, on a promontory just at the entrance of the peninsula at Charlestown,
called Bunker's hill. It was deemed important that our troops should possess
themselves of this eminence, before the enemy could occupy it. Accordingly orders
were given to Colonel Prescott, a veteran of the last war, with one thousand
men, to march silently in the evening of 16th of June, and throw up some intrenchments
on the height of Bunker's hill. By some mistake they took possession of Breed's
hill, which, being about one-fourth of a mile nearer Boston, was less capable
of being defended. From some cause, the detachment was always delayed in their
labor, till twelve o'clock; but such was their alacrity, that before day-light
they had formed a small redoubt and some imperfect line of defence. About four
o'clock in the morning the British were astonished to behold the works which
had been thrown up in a single night, within a short distance of their vessels,
without giving the least alarm. They immediately commenced a tremendous cannonade
from their shipping, their floating batteries, and from all their fortifications,
which could have a bearing on the American works. Bombs and shot were incessantly
rolling among the provincials during the forenoon, till the royal grenadiers
and light infantry could be prepared to make their formidable attack; yet one
man only was killed; and the Americans courageously persevered in strengthening,
their works. They received in the course of the forenoon a small reinforcement
which augmented their number to about fifteen hundred, and this was not much
exceeded during the day of battle. It was by an unaccountable error that those
people, who had been laboring all the night, were not relieved by others, nor
even furnished with provisions before the battle. Generals Putnam, Warren and
Pomeroy animated and encouraged the troops with their presence. At about one
o'clock, 17th of June, the royal forces were observed to cross the river from
Boston, and land on the shore, at Charlestown; at the head of these veterans
were Major General Howe and Brigadier-General Pigot; their force consisted of
about three thousand men, well provided with field-artillery. They formed in
two lines, their officers haranguing them probably in such language as this:
"Those cowardly rebels must and shall be put to flight. See the dastardly
Yankees with rusty guns and scarcely a bayonet among them. March on, my lads,
march on! show them that you are Britons; show them these dazzling arms and
bayonets bright and sharp, and you shall soon see them take to their heels and
run." Hear the voice of Putnam, of Prescott and Warren: "See, my brave
soldiers, that phalanx approaching; these lines must and shall be defended;
these are the cruel enemies to your freedom; they have come to enslave you;
remember their barbarous murders of our friends at Lexington; fight manfully,
and they shall be vanquished; reserve your fire till their near approach; then
with a sure aim cut them down, and the victory shall be ours." The regulars
deliberately advance to the attack, the grenadiers in front. The Americans reserve
their fire till the enemy are within eight or ten rods, that they may do effectual
execution; when, by a general discharge of musketry and field-artillery, several
officers and men are seen to fall, "their ranks are thinned; see the ground
covered with the slain; see those wounded officers borne off the field."
The conflict becomes close, and such are the fatal effects of the incessant
and furious discharge of our musketry, that the regulars retreat in disorder,
and many of them flee even to their boats. The officers, greatly agitated, pursue
their men, and threaten them with their swords; with great difficulty they are
rallied, and commanded to advance again to the attack. The provincials are prepared,
and when sufficiently near, a deadly fire from their ranks puts the enemy a
second time to flight, leaving such numbers of dead and wounded that several
of their officers exclaim, "It is downright butchery to lead the men on
afresh against the lines." At this critical moment Major-General Clinton,
who till now bad been a spectator with General Burgoyne on Copp's hill in Boston,
passed over and entered the field, just in time to unite his efforts with those
of the other officers for the purpose of forcing the regulars to renew the attack.
The Americans still remain firm and courageous at their posts; but unfortunately
it was now discovered that their powder was nearly expended, and another supply
could not be procured. The enemy now change the position of their cannon, and
place them in a situation to rake the inside of our breastwork in its whole
course, which at length obliges the provincials to retire within their little
redoubt. The firing from the British ships, and other armed vessels and batteries,
is now pushed to the utmost extremity; the regulars are impelled forward by
their officers, and our redoubt is attacked on three sides at the same time.
Our brave men continue their resistance, and actually confront the enemy with
the butt-end of their muskets after they had entered the fort. A party of our
men under command of Captain Knowlton had taken up a post and rail fence, and
placing it against another, filled the vacancy with newly mowed hay, which served
as a slight defence. The British light infantry attempted to force this little
party from their stand, and by this means to cut off the retreat of our troops.
In this they displayed the greatest bravery, but their opposers poured forth
their reserved and formidable fire in such a manner as to produce astonishing
execution, and to arrest their progress, till the whole of the Americans could
effect a retreat. The narrow neck of land over which alone the provincials could
retire, was so securely guarded by a man of war and two floating batteries,
as to render it extremely hazardous to pass over; but notwithstanding their
incessant firing, our loss there was quite inconsiderable. The provincials were
obliged to leave five pieces of field-artillery in the hands of the enemy, finding
it impossible to remove them. But a loss infinitely to be lamented, and which
occasions universal grief and sorrow, is that of Major-General Joseph Warren.
This distinguished patriot and hero was, but a few days before, appointed by
Congress to the rank of major-general in our army. Such was his zeal and ardor,
that he rushed into the battle foremost in danger with his musket, and encouraged
the soldiers by his example, till near the close of the battle, when he received
a fatal shot, and immediately expired. The loss at this crisis of a man possessing
so much public virtue and military ardor is almost irreparable. But the valor
with which be is signalized reflects glory on his memory. It yet remains to
mention that on this ever-memorable day, just at the commencement of the battle,
General Howe ordered the handsome town of Charlestown to be set on fire, that
the smoke might conceal their manoeuvres. The town consisted of upwards of three
hundred dwelling-houses, some of them elegant, and about two hundred buildings
of other descriptions, which contained property and goods to a large amount,
belonging to the distressed inhabitants of Boston. Fire was. communicated to
a number of houses, which, being wafted by the wind, soon reached the sacred
temple, when the flames issued from its lofty spire; while from the conflagration
and the embattled field, smoke mingled with smoke in majestic columns, and ascended
to the clouds. This, with the roaring of cannon, sheets of fire from the musketry,
and the awful slaughter, formed a spectacle which for sublimity and grandeur
has never perhaps been exceeded. This most dreadful scene, with all its concomitant
horrors, was within view of a vast concourse of agonized spectators, posted
on the tops of houses and steeples in Boston, and on numerous surrounding hills,
hundreds of whom were trembling for the fate of a parent, a husband or a brother.
Well might a devout person exclaim, " Good Heavens! what a scene do behold!
what carnage of the human race! what sacrifice of precious life. My God! stay
thy band, restrain a further effusion of human blood, spare the innocent, let
punishment fall on the heads of the guilty. Is there not some hidden curse in
reserve for our country's foes!" At the head of the British army General
Howe advanced with undaunted bravery, continually pressing into the most exposed
situation. It is truly wonderful that he escaped with only a wound in his foot.
The valiant Major Pitcairn, who was so conspicuously active at Lexington, was
among the first who mounted our breastworks, and at the moment when he was heard
to exclaim, "the day is ours," the fatal ball pierced his body and
he fell. His son, a captain, received him in his arms, with all the ardor of
filial love and tender sympathy and bore him to the boat, where he expired.
On the American side, Generals Putnam, Warren, Pomeroy, and Colonel Prescott were emphatically the heroes of the day, and their unexampled efforts were crowned with glory. The incomparable Colonel Prescott marched at the head of the detachment, and though several general officers were present, he retained the command during the action. He displayed a native daring bravery altogether unrivalled, and infused the conquering spirit of a soldier into the hearts of all who were under his command, and crowned himself with immortal honor. Colonel John Stark commanded a regiment from New Hampshire, and signalized himself by his active bravery. His very valiant Major McClary was killed by a cannon-ball while recrossing Charlestown neck, which is lamented as a public loss. On this never-to-be-forgotten occasion a fair opportunity was presented for the trial of the courage and prowess of the people of New England, when contending for their Constitutional freedom. They marched to the field as an undisciplined, inexperienced body of yeomanry, rather than as professed warriors; a large majority of them carrying ordinary fire-arms, unprovided with bayonets, and habited in the style of country laborers. It was their lot to contend with an army of disciplined veterans professedly experienced in the art of warfare, uniformly clothed and armed, and commanded by generals whose names, even in Europe, are little less than a host.
The comparative force of the two armies was about two to one against the provincials, besides the royal artillery, ships, and other armed vessels. What in fact is the result of this most unequal combat? Certain it is, that on the first and the second onset, the veterans were fairly repulsed, and whatever advantage was ultimately obtained, was at the expense of some of their most valuable officers and the flower of the British grenadiers and light infantry. These two corps at the moment of their first onset, lost three-fourths of their number; of one company five, and of another, fourteen only escaped. The remarkable disparity of loss is a clear demonstration of the superior advantage on our side. It is an ascertained fact, that of the enemy nineteen commissioned officers were killed And seventy wounded; and their total loss, according to General Gage was one thousand and fifty-four. Of the provincials, the killed and dead of their wounds, are one hundred and thirty-nine. Other wounded, two hundred and seventy-eight. Prisoners by the enemy, thirty-six. Total, four hundred and fifty-three. The provincials have much reason to triumph on the successful issue of this first general conflict with veteran troops; it must tend greatly to increase their confidence in their own powers, and give them a serious impression that we are favored with the smiles of Heaven. Had our troops been furnished with a sufficient quantity of ammunition, the enemy must have suffered a total defeat. After our troops retreated, the regulars took possession of their dear-bought Bunker's hill, and immediately fortified themselves there. It is said that some of the veteran British officers, who have been in some hard-fought battles in Europe, observed that they had never witnessed any one equal in severity to that on Breed's hill. It is presumed they will no longer apply the term poltroons to American soldiers. A considerable number of tories, whose zeal for the royal cause led them into battle, were killed or wounded. Our army has taken post at Cambridge and Roxbury, in such a manner as to invest the town of Boston. Our general officers are Generals Ward, Pomeroy, Thomas and Heath, of Massachusetts colony, and General Putnam from Connecticut.
On the day appointed, the medical candidates, sixteen in number, were summoned before the board for examination. This business occupied about four hours;. the subjects were anatomy, physiology, surgery and medicine. It was not long after, that I was happily relieved from suspense, by receiving the sanction and acceptance of the board, with some acceptable- instructions relative to the faithful discharge of duty, and the humane treatment of those soldiers who may have the misfortune to require my assistance. Six of our number were privately rejected as being found unqualified. The examination was in a considerable degree close and severe, which occasioned not a little agitation in our ranks. But it was on another occasion, as I am told, that a candidate under examination was agitated into a state of perspiration, and being required to describe the mode of treatment in rheumatism, among other remedies he would promote a sweat, and being asked how he would effect this with his patient, after some hesitation he replied, "I would have him examined by a medical committee." I was so fortunate as to obtain the office of surgeon's mate in the provincial hospital at Cambridge, Dr. John Warren being the senior surgeon. He was the brother and pupil of the gallant General Joseph Warren, who was slain in the memorable battle on Breed's hill. This gentleman has acquired great reputation in his profession, and is distinguished for his humanity and attention to the sick and wounded soldiers, and for his amiable disposition. Having received my appointment by the Provincial Congress, I commenced my duty in the hospital, July 15th. Several private, but commodious, houses in Cambridge are occupied for hospitals, and a considerable number of soldiers who were wounded at Breed's hill, and a greater number of sick of various diseases, require all our attention. Dr. Isaac Foster, late of Charlestown, is also appointed a senior hospital surgeon; and his student, Mr. Josiah Bartlet, officiates as his mate; Dr. Benjamin Church is director-general of the hospital.
I am informed that General George Washington arrived at our provincial camp, in this town, on the 2d July; having been appointed, by the unanimous voice of the Continental Congress at Philadelphia, general and commander-in-chief of all the troops raised, and to be raised, for the defence of the United Colonies, as they are now termed. They are, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. General Washington is a native of Virginia; he was in General Braddock's defeat in 1755, and having had considerable experience in the wars with the French and Indians on the frontiers of that colony, in former years, he is supposed to possess ample qualifications for the command of our army, and the appointment gives universal satisfaction. Such is his disinterested patriotism, that he assured Congress, on his appointment, that he should receive from the public, for his military services, no other compensation than the amount of his necessary expenses. He has been received here with every mark of respect, and addressed by our Provincial Congress in the most affectionate and respectful manner. All ranks appear to repose full confidence in him as commander-in-chief; it is the fervent prayer of the religiously disposed, that he may be instrumental in bringing this unhappy controversy to an honorable and speedy termination. He is accompanied by General Lee and General Gates; two gentlemen who have held commissions in the royal army. The former is now appointed major-general, and the latter adjutant-general, by our Continental Congress. General Washington has established his head-quarters in a convenient house, about half a mile from Harvard College, and in the vicinity, of our hospital. The provincial army is encamped in various parts of this town and Roxbury, and some works have been erected on Prospect hill, and on an eminence near Roxbury church, within cannon-shot of Boston. The amount of our forces I have not ascertained; but we are daily increasing in numbers, both of militia and enlisted soldiers. The operations of the war have interrupted the progress of education at college; the students have returned to their homes, and the college buildings are occupied by our soldiery."
July 1775
"July 20th.
This day is devoted to a Public Fast throughout the United Colonies, by the
recommendation of Congress, to implore the Divine benediction on our country;
that any further shedding of blood may be averted; and that the calamities with
which we are afflicted may be removed. This is the first general or Continental
Fast ever observed since the settlement of the colonies. I have been much gratified
this day with a view of General Washington. His excellency was on horseback,
in company with several military gentlemen. It was not difficult to distinguish
him from all others; his personal appearance is truly noble and majestic; being
tall and well proportioned. His dress is a blue coat with buff-colored facings,
a rich epaulette on each shoulder, buff under dress, and an elegant small sword;
a black cockade in his hat."
August 1775
"August.
The firing of cannon is now frequently practised from our works at Prospect
hill and Winter hill, advantageous eminences in full view and within cannon
shot of the enemy's camp on Bunker's hill; and some shot are returned from the
enemy; but without any considerable loss. At Roxbury also our people have fortified
several hills, and breastworks are thrown up across the main street, within
half a mile of the British lines; from which cannon-shot and some bombshells
are every day thrown into Boston. The enemy fire their cannon-shot into Roxbury,
and several have passed through the church; but little damage has yet been sustained,
and our soldiers become so familiarized to the sight of cannon-shot rolling
among them, that they manifest little or no fear of the consequences. The right
wing of our army at Roxbury is commanded by Major-General Ward; and the left
at Prospect hill by Major-General Lee.
The Continental Congress having voted, "That a sum not exceeding two millions of Spanish milled dollars be emitted by them in bills of credit for the defence of America," gold and silver soon disappeared, and paper bills now circulate instead of specie.
Several companies of riflemen, amounting, it is said, to more than fourteen hundred men, have arrived here from Pennsylvania and Maryland; a distance of from five hundred to seven hundred miles. They are remarkably stout and hardy men; many of them exceeding six feet in height. They are dressed in white frocks, or rifle-shirts, and round hats. These men are remarkable for the accuracy of their aim; striking a mark with great certainty at two hundred yards distance. At a review, a company of them, while on a quick advance, fired their balls into objects of seven inches diameter, at the distance of two hundred and fifty yards. They are now stationed on our lines, and their shot have frequently proved fatal to British officers and soldiers who expose themselves to view, even at more than double the distance of common musket-shot."
October 1775
"October.
An event of considerable importance has occurred, which occasions much surprise
and speculation. Dr. Benjamin Church has long sustained high reputation as a
patriot and son of liberty. He has, for some time, been a member of our House
of Representatives; and has been appointed surgeon-general and director of our
hospitals. This gentleman has just been detected in a traitorous correspondence
with the enemy in Boston. A letter in cipher, written by him, was intrusted
to the care of a female, with whom he was well acquainted, to be conveyed to
Boston. On examination, the woman absolutely refused to reveal the name of the
writer, till she was terrified by the threats of severe punishment; when she
named Dr. Church, he was greatly agitated and confounded, manifested marks of
guilt, and made no attempt to vindicate himself. But after the letter was deciphered,
and he had taken time to reflect, he used all his powers of persuasion to make
it appear that the letter contained no information that would injure the American
cause; and made a solemn appeal to Heaven that it was written for the purpose
of procuring some important intelligence from the enemy. He was tried, convicted,
and expelled from the House of Representatives; and Congress afterwards resolved,
"that he be closely confined in some secure jail in Connecticut, without
the use of pen, ink, or paper; and that no person be allowed to converse with
him, except in the presence and hearing of a magistrate, or the sheriff of the
county." (Dr. Church was finally permitted to depart from the country.
He and his family embarked for the West Indies; the vessel foundered at sea,
and all were lost.)
I have just returned from a ramble to Roxbury, with a view of examining the camp and works in that quarter. Not meeting with any person with whom I am acquainted, I returned after a slight view of the lines and the church in that town, which is pierced through in many places by cannon-shot from the enemy."
October 1775
"October 10th.
General Gage has sailed for England; and the command of the army has devolved
on General William Howe. He has issued a proclamation, prohibiting all persons
attempting to quit the town, without a written license, on penalty of military
execution, if taken, and if they escape they are to be proceeded against as
traitors, and their effects to be forfeited, and also declaring, that if any,
who are licensed to depart, attempt carrying away more than five pounds in specie,
they shall forfeit the whole sum discovered, besides suffering fine and imprisonment.
Such is the wretched condition of the Bostonians since their native town has
been converted into a royal garrison. It is recollected that in April last,
it was agreed between General Gage and a committee of the town, that on the
inhabitants in general surrendering up their firearms to the care of the selectmen,
all such inhabitants as were desirous of removing out of town, should have this
liberty, with their families and effects. The town voted to comply with this
proposal, and General Gage on his part confirmed the same. It was also stipulated,
that those persons in the country who should incline to remove into Boston should
be permitted to change their residence without molestation. The fire-arms were,
accordingly surrendered, and some of the inhabitants were allowed to depart;
but it was not long before General Gage found various pretences to violate his
stipulation, and prohibited any further removals; in consequence of which, many
families were compelled to a cruel separation; husbands and wives, parents and
children, were separated, and the aged and infirm left without protection.
The term for which the continental soldiers enlisted will expire in a few weeks, and it is understood that the recruits for a future army will be enlisted to serve to the 1st of December next, unless sooner discharged, as hopes are yet entertained that a settlement of our difficulties with Great Britain may be effected. Reports are in circulation that an attack on the town of Boston is contemplated; or, that the plan has been agitated and is relinquished, till our people can pass over on the ice. The public appear to be impatient to have our inveterate enemies expelled from our territories."
November 1775
"November.
Our hospitals are considerably crowded with sick soldiers from camp; the prevailing diseases are autumnal fevers and dysenteric complaints, which have proved fatal in a considerable number of instances. It is highly gratifying to observe, that these brave men, while in the service of their country, receive in sickness all the kind attention from physicians and nurses, which their circumstances require; they have the prayers and consolations of pious clergymen, and are destitute of nothing but the presence of their dearest friends to alleviate their sufferings.
I am, sorry to have occasion to notice in my journal the following occurrence. The body of a soIdier has been taken from the grave, for the purpose, probably of dissection, and the empty coffin left exposed. This affair occasions considerable excitement among our people; both resentment and grief are manifested; as it seems to impress the idea that a soldier's body is held in no estimation after death. Such a practice, if countenanced, might be attended with serious consequences as it respects our soldiers. Much inquiry has been made, but without success, for the discovery of the persons concerned; and the practice in future is strictly prohibited by the commander-in-chief
The joyful intelligence is now announced in the public papers, that Captain Manly, of Marblehead, commander of one of our privateers, has captured an English ship, bound to Boston, loaded with ordnance stores, of immense value at the present time. Among the ordnance is a large brass mortar on a new construction, and a number of pieces of fine brass cannon. There are small arms, ammunition, utensils, &c. &c. in great abundance. An invoice, it is said, could scarcely be formed of articles better suited to our wants and circumstance. Several other store vessels have been taken by our privateers, with cargoes of provision and various kinds of stores, to a very considerable amount, which greatly augments the distresses of the troops and people in Boston, and affords us a very opportune, and essential supply. It is now represented that the distresses of the inhabitants and troops in Boston exceed the possibility of description. They are almost in a state of starvation, for the want of food and fuel. The inhabitants, totally destitute of vegetables, flour and fresh provisions, have actually been obliged to feed on horse flesh; and the troops confined to salt provisions; by means of which they have become very sickly. They have taken down a number of houses, removed the pews from the church, and are digging up the timber at the wharves for fuel."
December
1775
"December 2d.
I visited the park of artillery, and was much gratified to find a collection
of ordnance far exceeding my expectations, and such as is supposed by some to
be adequate to our present exigence. I had a view of the large. brass mortar
taken by Captain Manly; it is now called the Congress, and will soon be prepared
to speak in strong terms to its former masters.
December 4th.
A considerable number of Connecticut troops have left our service and returned
home; no persuasion could induce them to continue in service after their time
of enlistment had expired. Enlisting officers are distributed in various parts
of New England; but it is reported that voluntary enlistments go on slowly.
The people seem to be unwilling to engage in the public service, and require
higher wages. The spirit of patriotism appears in some degree to have subsided,
and the militia are to be employed.
December 11th.
A party of militia, said to be about two thousand, have arrived in camp; and
information is received that three thousand more are on their march. A few enlisted
soldiers have arrived; but so destitute are they of firearms, that it has been
found necessary to take the arms by force from the soldiers who retire, paying
for them, in order to supply the recruits.
December 18th.
The Americans have advanced and broken ground at Lechmere's Point, within half
a mile of Boston; which occasioned a severe cannonade from the enemy; but they
persevered in their work, and suffered but an inconsiderable loss. It is stated,
from the minutes of some person, that from Breed's hill battle to the 25th instant,
the British have thrown upwards of two thousand shot and shells. By the whole
firing, on Cambridge side, they killed only seven, and on Roxbury side five,
Just a dozen in the whole. At this rate, how many shot and bombs will it require
to subdue the whole of his majesty's rebellious subjects?"
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